All the references from Cannabis Breeding have been provided here as clickable links for purchasers of the print book who would like easy access to references. The references below correspond to chapters within the book. Click on a chapter below to jump to its references. 

Chapters: 

Introduction

  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Koskiniemi

Foreword

  1. Mudge, E., Murch, S. J., & Brown, P. N. (2018). Chemometric analysis of cannabinoids: Chemotaxonomy and domestication syndrome. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31120-2
  2. Ethan B. Russo, Hong-En Jiang, Xiao Li, Alan Sutton, Andrea Carboni, Francesca del Bianco, Giuseppe Mandolino, David J. Potter, You-Xing Zhao, Subir Bera, Yong-Bing Zhang, En-Guo Lü, David K. Ferguson, Francis Hueber, Liang-Cheng Zhao, Chang-Jiang Liu, Yu-Fei Wang, Cheng-Sen Li, Phytochemical and genetic analyses of ancient cannabis from Central Asia, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 59, Issue 15, November 2008, Pages 4171–4182, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern260
  3. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Patent Summary for US-6630507-B1, Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US-6630507-B1. Accessed Nov. 13, 2023.

DNA: The Blueprint for Life

  1. A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Watson and Crick describe structure of DNA. (n.d.). https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html
  2. van Bakel, H., Stout, J.M., Cote, A.G. et al. The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa. Genome Biol 12, R102 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-10-r102

History & Evolution

  1. McPartland, J. M., Hegman, W., & Long, T. (2019). Cannabis in Asia: its center of origin and early cultivation, based on a synthesis of subfossil pollen and archaeobotanical studies. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(6), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00731-8
  2. Ren, G., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Ridout, K., Serrano‐Serrano, M. L., Yang, Y., Ai, L., Ravikanth, G., Nawaz, M. A., Mumtaz, A. S., Salamin, N., & Fumagalli, L. (2021). Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa. Science AdvanceMills, S. (2009). Chinese herbs in the West. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 504–510). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-2933-2.00037-xs, 7(29). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg2286
  3. Mills, S. (2009). Chinese herbs in the West. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 504–510). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-2933-2.00037-x 
  4. History of cannabis. (n.d.). The University of Sydney. https://www.sydney.edu.au/lambert/medicinal-cannabis/history-of-cannabis.html
  5. Karki, P., & Rangaswamy, M. (2022). A review of historical context and current research on cannabis use in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 45(2), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176221109272
  6. Blaszczak-Boxe, A. (2014, October 17). Marijuana’s History: How one plant spread through the world. livescience.com. https://www.livescience.com/48337-marijuana-history-how-cannabis-travelled-world.html
  7. The MIT Press Reader. (2021, April 20). A brief global history of the war on cannabis. https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/a-brief-global-history-of-the-war-on-cannabis/
  8. Skoglund, G., Nockert, M., & Holst, B. (2013). Viking and Early Middle Ages Northern Scandinavian Textiles Proven to be made with Hemp. Scientific Reports, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02686
  9. Lewis, T. (2023, October 10). Transatlantic slave trade | History & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/transatlantic-slave-trade
  10. Alexander, S. P., Mackie, K., & Ross, R. A. (2010). EDITORIAL. British Journal of Pharmacology, 160(3), 421–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00831.x
  11. McNearney, A. (2020, April 17). The complicated history of cannabis in the US. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/marijuana-criminalization-reefer-madness-history-flashback
  12. Gandhi, L. (2013, August 26). A History Of “Snake Oil Salesmen.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/08/26/215761377/a-history-of-snake-oil-salesmen
  13. The Pure Food and Drug Act | U.S. Capitol – Visitor Center. (n.d.). https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/congress-and-progressive-era/pure-food-and-drug-act
  14. Li, Q., & Kang, C. (2020). Mechanisms of action for small molecules revealed by structural biology in drug discovery. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(15), 5262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155262
  15. Ahmad, D. L. (2000). Opium smoking, anti‐Chinese attitudes, and the American medical community, 1850–1890. American Nineteenth Century History, 1(2), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664650008567016
  16. Marijuana’s racist history shows the need for comprehensive drug reform | Brookings. (2022, March 9). Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/marijuanas-racist-history-shows-the-need-for-comprehensive-drug-reform/
  17. Little, B. (2023, March 27). How prohibition fueled the rise of the Ku Klux Klan. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/kkk-terror-during-prohibition
  18. Thompson, M. (2013, July 22). The Mysterious History Of “Marijuana.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/07/14/201981025/the-mysterious-history-of-marijuana
  19. Bewley‐Taylor, D., & Jelsma, M. (2012). Regime change: Re-visiting the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.08.003
  20. Single convention on Narcotic drugs. (n.d.). United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/single-convention.html
  21. United Nations Treaty series. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, New York City, United States of America, 30 March 1961, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-15&chapter=6
  22. The Controlled Substances Act. (n.d.). DEA. https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/csa
  23. Lopez, G. (2016, March 29). Was Nixon’s war on drugs a racially motivated crusade? It’s a bit more complicated. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/3/29/11325750/nixon-war-on-drugs
  24. Baum, D. (2016, March 31). Legalize it all. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/
  25. Proposition P. (n.d.). http://www.marijuanalibrary.org/Proposition_P_Nov_1991.html
  26. California Proposition 215, Medical Marijuana Initiative (1996) – Ballotpedia. (n.d.). Ballotpedia. https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_215,_Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996)
  27. Health Canada. (2016, September 30). Understanding the access to cannabis for medical purposes regulations. Canada.ca. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/drugs-health-products/understanding-new-access-to-cannabis-for-medical-purposes-regulations.html
  28. Bloomekatz, A. (2005, July 30). Canada’s “Prince of Pot” nabbed for U.S. seed sales. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/canadas-prince-of-pot-nabbed-for-us-seed-sales/
  29. Memorandum for Selected United State Attorneys on Investigations and. (2017, April 7). https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/memorandum-selected-united-state-attorneys-investigations-and-prosecutions-states
  30. Weinberg, B. (2018, December 20). The arbitrary legal line that separates hemp & marijuana. Cannabis Now. https://cannabisnow.com/the-arbitrary-legal-line-that-separates-hemp-marijuana/
  31. Office of the Commissioner. (2022, May 4). 5 Things to Know about Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol – Delta-8 THC. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/5-things-know-about-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-delta-8-thc

Anatomy

  1. Frank, Mel. The Cannabis Female Flower | O’Shaughnessy’s. https://beyondthc.com/the-cannabis-female-flower/

Life Cycle

  1. Danko, D. (2018). Cannabis: A Beginner’s Guide to Growing Marijuana. Hampton Roads Publishing.
  2. K of Trichome Technologies, (2016). Marijuana Horticulture Fundamentals: A Comprehensive Guide to Cannabis Cultivation and Hashish Production. Green Candy Press.
  3. Rosenthal, E., Bacca, A., & Flannery, R., PhD. (2021). Cannabis Grower’s Handbook: The Complete Guide to Marijuana and Hemp Cultivation. Ed Rosenthal.

Taxonomy

  1. Government of Canada, Canadian Food Inspection Agency. (2021, March 3). The Biology of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabis, hemp, marijuana). https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-varieties/plants-with-novel-traits/applicants/directive-94-08/biology-documents/cannabis-sativa-l-/eng/1612447522753/1612447718390
  2. UNODC – Bulletin on Narcotics – 1975 Issue 3 – 001. (1975, January 1). United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1975-01-01_3_page002.html
  3. Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org. https://doi.org/10.2307/45211992
  4. Watts G. Cannabis confusions. BMJ. 2006 Jan 21;332(7534):175-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7534.175. PMID: 16424501; PMCID: PMC1336775.
  5. Salamone, S., Waltl, L., Pompignan, A., Grassi, G., Chianese, G., Koeberle, A., & Pollastro, F. (2022). Phytochemical Characterization of Cannabis sativa L. Chemotype V Reveals Three New Dihydrophenanthrenoids That Favorably Reprogram Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis in Macrophages. Plants, 11(16), 2130. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11162130
  6. Clarke, Robert. (2018). Cannabis Taxonomy: The “sativa” vs. “indica” debate. 2016. 
  7. Ibid
  8. Search the Phylos Galaxy. (n.d.). Phylos Bioscience. https://phylos.bio/search

Basic Breeding Concepts

  1. Sister Mary Etienne Tibeau, Time Factor in Utilization of Mineral Nutrients By Hemp, Plant Physiology, Volume 11, Issue 4, October 1936, Pages 731–747, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.11.4.731

Breeding Strategies

  1. Small, Ernest and Tanya Antle. “A Preliminary Study of Pollen Dispersal in Cannabis sativa in Relation to Wind Direction.” Journal of Industrial Hemp 8 (2003): 37 – 50.
  2. Lea. (2021, December 16). The autopsy of Charles II of Spain – Lea – medium. Medium. https://worldroyals.medium.com/the-autopsy-of-charles-ii-of-spain-d6b59015cb30
  3. Sadeghi, P., & Sisti, A. (2020). Unveiling Charles II, the last King of the Habsburg Spanish Empire, in a portrait by Juan Carreño de Miranda (1685). Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01333-2
  4. Jebreen, K., Petrizzelli, M., & Martin, O. C. (2019). Probabilities of multilocus genotypes in SIB recombinant inbred lines. Frontiers in Genetics, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00833
  5. Caroline A. Dowling, Jiaqi Shi, Jacob A. Toth, Michael A. Quade, Lawrence B. Smart, Paul F. McCabe, Rainer Melzer, Susanne Schilling bioRxiv 2023.04.21.537862; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.21.537862

Advances in Genetics

  1. Cohen, P. (2020, June 24). Roundup Maker to Pay $10 Billion to Settle Cancer Suits. New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/business/roundup-settlement-lawsuits.html

Cannabinoids

  1. Silver, R. J. (2019). The endocannabinoid system of animals. Animals, 9(9), 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090686
  2. Raypole, C. (2019, May 17). A simple guide to the endocannabinoid system. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/endocannabinoid-system
  3. Fride, E. (2008). Multiple roles for the endocannabinoid system during the earliest stages of life: pre‐ and postnatal development. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(s1), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01670.x
  4. Datta, P., Melkus, M. W., Rewers-Felkins, K., Patel, D., Bateman, T., Baker, T., & Hale, T. W. (2021). Human milk endocannabinoid levels as a function of obesity and diurnal rhythm. Nutrients, 13(7), 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072297
  5. Espinoza, A. V. G. (n.d.). Endocannabinoid metabolome of human breast milk. LSU Scholarly Repository. https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4663/
  6. Scherma, M., Masia, P., Satta, V., Fratta, W., Fadda, P., & Tanda, G. (2018). Brain activity of anandamide: a rewarding bliss? Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 40(3), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-018-0075-x
  7. Velasco, G., Sánchez, C., & Guzmán, M. (2016). Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids. Current Oncology, 23(11), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.3747/co.23.3080
  8. Rieder, S. A., Chauhan, A., Singh, U., & Nagarkatti, M. (2010). Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to immunosuppression. Immunobiology, 215(8), 598–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2009.04.001
  9. Gülck, T., & Møller, B. L. (2020). Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science, 25(10), 985–1004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2020.05.005
  10. Hansen, J. (2021, August 3). THC-O Acetate Q&A with Dr. Ethan Russo: ‘Don’t Go There’. Cannabis Business Times. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/news/thc-o-acetate-q-and-a-dr-ethan-russo-credo-science/
  11. Ruscitto, A., & Williams, P. (2021, March 17). UPDATE: What is Delta-8-THC? Cannabis Business Times. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/news/delta-8-thc-tetrahydrocannabinol-ethan-russo-lifted-made-trulieve-alex-buscher-law/
  12. Office of the Commissioner. (2022, May 4). 5 Things to Know about Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol – Delta-8 THC. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/5-things-know-about-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-delta-8-thc
  13. Hansen, J. (2021, August 3). THC-O Acetate Q&A with Dr. Ethan Russo: ‘Don’t Go There’. Cannabis Business Times. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.cannabisbusinesstimes.com/news/thc-o-acetate-q-and-a-dr-ethan-russo-credo-science/
  14. Office of the Commissioner. (2022, May 4). 5 Things to Know about Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol – Delta-8 THC. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/5-things-know-about-delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol-delta-8-thc
  15. Abioye, A. O., Ayodele, O., Marinkovic, A., Patidar, R., Akinwekomi, A., & Sanyaolu, A. (2020). Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes. Journal of Cannabis Research, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-0016-7
  16. Unpacking the Hype Around THCV, aka ‘Diet Weed.’ (2021, August 19). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/substance-use/thcv
  17. Abioye A, Ayodele O, Marinkovic A, Patidar R, Akinwekomi A, Sanyaolu A. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV): a commentary on potential therapeutic benefit for the management of obesity and diabetes. J Cannabis Res. 2020 Jan 31;2(1):6. doi: 10.1186/s42238-020-0016-7. PMID: 33526143; PMCID: PMC7819335.
  18. Unpacking the Hype Around THCV, aka ‘Diet Weed.’ (2021, August 19). Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/substance-use/thcv
  19. Wargent ET, Zaibi MS, Silvestri C, Hislop DC, Stocker CJ, Stott CG, Guy GW, Duncan M, Di Marzo V, Cawthorne MA. The cannabinoid Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) ameliorates insulin sensitivity in two mouse models of obesity. Nutr Diabetes. 2013 May 27;3(5):e68. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2013.9. PMID: 23712280; PMCID: PMC3671751.
  20. Khalid A. Jadoon, Stuart H. Ratcliffe, David A. Barrett, E. Louise Thomas, Colin Stott, Jimmy D. Bell, Saoirse E. O’Sullivan, Garry D. Tan; Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabivarin on Glycemic and Lipid Parameters in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Pilot Study. Diabetes Care 1 October 2016; 39 (10): 1777–1786. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0650
  21. VICE News. (2018, January 25). We went hunting for a rare Congolese weed strain with the “Kings of Cannabis.” Vice News. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.vice.com/en/article/a3nmep/we-went-hunting-for-a-rare-congolese-weed-strain-with-the-kings-of-cannabis
  22. Corroon J. Cannabinol and Sleep: Separating Fact from Fiction. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2021 Oct;6(5):366-371. doi: 10.1089/can.2021.0006. Epub 2021 Aug 31. PMID: 34468204; PMCID: PMC8612407.
  23. Formato M, Crescente G, Scognamiglio M, Fiorentino A, Pecoraro MT, Piccolella S, Catauro M, Pacifico S. (‒)-Cannabidiolic Acid, a Still Overlooked Bioactive Compound: An Introductory Review and Preliminary Research. Molecules. 2020 Jun 5;25(11):2638. doi: 10.3390/molecules25112638. PMID: 32517131; PMCID: PMC7321064.
  24. Brodie, M. J., Czapiński, P., Pazdera, L., Sander, J. W., Toledo, M., Napoles, M., Sahebkar, F., & Schreiber, A. (2021). A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidivarin as Add-on Therapy in Participants with Inadequately Controlled Focal Seizures. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 6(6), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2020.0075
  25. Rose, J. (n.d.). Biopiracy: when indigenous knowledge is patented for profit. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/biopiracy-when-indigenous-knowledge-is-patented-for-profit-55589
  26. Veeresham C. Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2012 Oct;3(4):200-1. doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.104709. PMID: 23378939; PMCID: PMC3560124.
  27. Helmenstine, A. (2021, May 6). Medicines made from plants. Science Notes and Projects. https://sciencenotes.org/medicines-made-from-plants/
  28. Aspirin, morphine and chemotherapy: the essential medicines powered by plants. (2021, February 19). [Video]. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/essential-medicines-powered-by-plants.html
  29. Medicinal botany. (n.d.). https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/index.shtml
  30. Medicinal Botany – Active plant ingredients. (n.d.). https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/ingredients.shtml
  31. Medicinal botany – plant parts used. (n.d.). https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/parts.shtml
  32. Maccarrone, M. (2022). Tribute to Professor Raphael Mechoulam, The Founder of Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Research. Molecules, 27(1), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010323
  33. Noel. (2023, June 12). Endocannabinoid Discovery Timeline | Project CBD. Project CBD. https://projectcbd.org/science/endocannabinoid-research-timeline/
  34. Research, C. F. D. E. A. (2022, August 8). Development & Approval Process | Drugs. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs
  35. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. (n.d.). IP INCENTIVES FUEL BIOPHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATION AND COMPETITION. PhRMA.org. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://www.phrma.org/-/media/Project/PhRMA/PhRMA-Org/PhRMA-Org/PDF/0-9/6–67416-Intellectual.pdf
  36. DeGrandpre, R. J. (n.d.). The Cult of Pharmacology: How America Became the World’s Most Troubled Drug Culture. Duke University Press.
  37. Armentano, P. (2020, May 18). Marinol vs. Natural Plant – NORML. NORML. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://norml.org/marijuana/library/marinol-vs-natural-cannabis/
  38. Webb, C. W. (2014, April 1). Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabis: a patient survey. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998228/
  39. National Academies Press (US). (1999). Development of cannabinoid drugs. Marijuana and Medicine – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230708/
  40. Armentano, P. (2020, May 18). Marinol vs. Natural Plant – NORML. NORML. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://norml.org/marijuana/library/marinol-vs-natural-cannabis/
  41. Ben‐Shabat, S., Fride, E., Sheskin, T., Tamiri, T., Rhee, M. H., Vogel, Z., Bisogno, T., De Petrocellis, L., Di Marzo, V., & Mechoulam, R. (1998). An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. European Journal of Pharmacology, 353(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00392-6
  42. Russo, E. B. (2019). The case for the entourage effect and conventional breeding of clinical cannabis: No “Strain,” no gain. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01969
  43. Thompson, R. (2016, May 24). The ensemble effect, not the entourage effect, says Dr. Grinspoon. High Times. https://hightimes.com/culture/the-ensemble-effect-not-the-entourage-effect-says-dr-grinspoon/
  44. Sumpter, L. (2023, April 13). What’s Sativex And How Does It Differ From Medical Cannabis? Royal Queen Seeds. https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/us/blog-what-is-sativex-and-how-does-it-differ-from-medical-cannabis-n570
  45. Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms. (2005, September 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16317825/
  46. Maayah, Z. H., Takahara, S., Ferdaoussi, M., & Dyck, J. R. (2020). The molecular mechanisms that underpin the biological benefits of full-spectrum cannabis extract in the treatment of neuropathic pain and inflammation. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Basis of Disease, 1866(7), 165771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165771
  47. Abu-Sawwa, R., & Stehling, C. (2020). Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) primer: Frequently asked questions for patients and caregivers. The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25(1), 75–77. https://doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-25.1.75
  48. Luxner, L. (2023, October 12). Dedi Meiri, PhD, Explores Role of Minor Cannabinoids To Treat Cancer. AJEM. https://www.endocannabinoidmedicine.com/reports/israeli-researcher-david-meiri-phd-explores-role-of-minor-cannabinoids-to-treat-cancer/

Aroma, Color & Flavor

  1. Oswald, I. W. H., Ojeda, M. A., Pobanz, R. J., Koby, K. A., Buchanan, A. J., Del Rosso, J., Guzmán, M., & Martin, T. (2021). Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACS Omega, 6(47), 31667–31676. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04196
  2. Russo, E. B. (2019). The case for the entourage effect and conventional breeding of clinical cannabis: No “Strain,” no gain. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01969
  3. SC Labs. (2023, September 21). Learn about terpenes. https://www.sclabs.com/terpenes/
  4. Ibid
  5. Gertsch, J., Leonti, M., Raduner, S., Rácz, I., Chen, J., Xie, X., Altmann, K., Karsak, M., & Zimmer, A. (2008). Beta-caryophyllene is a dietary cannabinoid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(26), 9099–9104. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803601105
  6. Dutch Passion Seed Company. (2019, April 9). Everything you need to know about terpenes. Dutch Passion. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://dutch-passion.com/en/blog/terpenes-in-cannabis-n890
  7.  Russo, E. B., & Marcu, J. P. (2017). Cannabis Pharmacology: the usual suspects and a few promising leads. In Advances in pharmacology (pp. 67–134). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.004
  8. Oswald, I. W. H., Paryani, T. R., Sosa, M. E., Ojeda, M. A., Altenbernd, M. R., Grandy, J. J., Shafer, N. S., Ngo, K. W. J., Peat, J., Melshenker, B. G., Skelly, I., Koby, K. A., Page, M. F. Z., & Martin, T. (2023b). Minor, Nonterpenoid Volatile Compounds Drive the Aroma Differences of Exotic Cannabis. ACS Omega. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c04496
  9. Smith, C. J., Vergara, D., Keegan, B., & Jikomes, N. (2022). The phytochemical diversity of commercial Cannabis in the United States. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267498. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267498
  10. Bautista, J. L., Song, Y., & Tian, L. (2021). Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology. ACS Omega, 6(8), 5119–5123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00318
  11. Contribution to flower colors of flavonoids including anthocyanins: a review. (2015, March 1). PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25924543/
  12. Bautista, J. L., Song, Y., & Tian, L. (2021). Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology. ACS Omega, 6(8), 5119–5123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00318
  13.  Khoo, H. E., Azlan, A., Tang, S. T., & Lim, S. M. (2017). Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food & Nutrition Research, 61(1), 1361779. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779
  14. Erridge, S., Mangal, N., Salazar, O., & Pacchetti, B. (2020). Cannflavins – From plant to patient: A scoping review. Fitoterapia, 146, 104712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104712
  15. Salem, M. M., Capers, J., Rito, S., & Werbovetz, K. A. (2011). Antiparasitic Activity of C -Geranyl Flavonoids from Mimulus bigelovii. Phytotherapy Research, 25(8), 1246–1249. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3404
  16. Abdel‐Kader, M. S., Radwan, M. M., Metwaly, A. M., Eissa, I. H., Hazekamp, A., & ElSohly, M. A. (2023). Chemistry and biological activities of cannflavins of the cannabis plant. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2023.0128
  17. Bautista, J. L., Song, Y., & Tian, L. (2021). Flavonoids in Cannabis sativa: Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, and Biotechnology. ACS Omega, 6(8), 5119–5123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00318
  18. Erridge, S., Mangal, N., Salazar, O., & Pacchetti, B. (2020b). Cannflavins – From plant to patient: A scoping review. Fitoterapia, 146, 104712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104712
  19. David, A. V. A., Arulmoli, R., & Parasuraman, S. (2016b). Overviews of biological importance of quercetin: A bioactive flavonoid. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 84. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194044
  20. Mlček, J., Jurí­Ková, T., Škrovánková, S., & Sochor, J. (2016b). Quercetin and its Anti-Allergic immune response. Molecules, 21(5), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050623
  21. Karimi, G. (2011, August 1). “Silymarin”, a promising pharmacological agent for treatment of diseases. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3586829/
  22. Vostálová, J., Tinková, E., Biedermann, D., Kosina, P., Ulrichová, J., & Svobodová, A. R. (2019). Skin Protective Activity of Silymarin and its Flavonolignans. Molecules, 24(6), 1022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061022
  23. Mattioli, R., Francioso, A., Mosca, L., & Silva, P. (2020). Anthocyanins: A Comprehensive Review of Their Chemical Properties and Health Effects on Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules, 25(17), 3809. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173809
  24. Wrobel, B., & Leopold, D. A. (2004). Clinical assessment of patients with smell and taste disorders. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 37(6), 1127–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2004.06.010
  25. Shah, K. (2015, August 3). Scientists have identified fat as a sixth taste. Eater. https://www.eater.com/2015/8/3/9090099/scientists-fat-sixth-taste
  26. Humans can identify more than 1 trillion smells. (2020, May 7). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/humans-can-identify-more-1-trillion-smells

Extraction

  1. Goldstrich, J. D. (2023). The Cannabis Cancer Connection: How to Use Cannabis and Hemp to Kill Cancer Cells. Flower Valley Press. https://cannabiscancerconnection.com
  2. http://www.dialinyourresin.com

Pest & Pathogen Resistance

  1. Can Roundup cause cancer? | Interdisciplinary Center for Exposures, Diseases, Genomics and Environment. (n.d.). https://deohs.washington.edu/edge/blog/can-roundup-cause-cancer

Quality Indicators

  1. California Department of Food and Agriculture. (n.d.). CDFA – OEFI – Cannabis Appellations Program. https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/oefi/cap/
  2. Maffei, Massimo. (2010). Sites of synthesis, biochemistry and functional role of plant volatiles. South African Journal of Botany. 76. 612-631. 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.03.003. 

Tissue Culture

  1. Thorpe, T. (2012). History of Plant Tissue Culture. Methods in Molecular Biology, 9-27. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-818-4_2 
  2. Morel, G., & Martin, C. (1952). Guérison de dahlias atteints d’une maladie á virus. CR Hebd Seances Acad Sci, 1324-1325.
  3. Murashige, T., & Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium of rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant, 473-497.
  4. Guha, S., & Maheshwari, S. (1964). In vitro production of embryos from anthers of Datura. Nature, 497.
  5. Guha, S., & Maheshwari, S. (1966). Cell division and differentiation of embryos in the pollen grains of Datura in vitro. Nature, 97-98.
  6. Cocking, E. (1960). A method for the isolation of plant protoplasts and vacuoles. Nature, 927-929.
  7. Carlson, P., Smith, H., & Dearing, R. (1972). Parasexual interspecific plant hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2292-2294.
  8. Schilperoort, R., Meijs, W., Pippel, G., & Veldstra, H. (1969). Agrobacterium tumefaciens cross-reacting antigens in sterile grown gall tumors. FEBS Lett., 173-176.
  9. Chadha, K., & Srivastava, B. (1971). Evidence for the Presence of Bacteria-specific Proteins in Sterile Crown Gall Tumor Tissue. Plant Physiol., 125-129.
  10. Larkin, P., & Scowcroft, W. (1981). Somaclonal variation – a novel source of variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theor Appl Genet., 197-214.
  11. Parsons, J., Martin, SL, James, T., Golenia, G., Boudko, E., & Hepworth, S. (2019). Polyploidization for the Genetic Improvement of Cannabis sativa. Front. Plant Sci, 476.
  12. Sandy, E. (2021, September 15). Dark Heart Nursery Research Finds 90% of California Facilities Test Positive for Hop Latent Viroid. Cannabis Business Times.
  13. Trigiano, R., & Gray, D. (2000). Plant Tissue Culture Concepts and Laboratory Exercises, Second Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC.
  14. Styer, D., & Chin, C. (1983). Meristem and Shoot-Tip Culture for Propagation, Pathogen Elimination, and Germplasm Preservation. Horticultural Reviews, 221-227.
  15. George, E. (2008). Plant Tissue Culture Procedure – Background. In E. George, Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture 3rd Edition (pp. 1-28). Springer.
  16. Ibid
  17. Hesami, M., Baiton, A., Alizadeh, M., Pepe, M., Torkamaneh, D., & Jones, A. (2021). Advances and Perspectives in Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering of Cannabis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 5671.
  18. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  19. Murashige, T. (1974). Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol., 135-166.
  20. Debergh, P., & Maene, L. (1981). A scheme for commercial propagation of ornamental plants by tissue culture. Sci. Hort., 335-345.
  21. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  22. Ibid
  23. Reed, B., & Tanprasert, P. (1995). Detection and control of bacterial contaminants of plant tissue cultures. A review of recent literature. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 137-142.
  24. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  25. Mestinsek, M., Svetik, S., Flajsman, M., & Murovec, J. (2020). In Vitro tissue culture and genetic analysis of two high-CBD medical cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding lines. Genetika, 473-497.
  26. Wrobel, T., Dreger, M., Wielgus, K., & Slomski, R. (2020). Modified nodal cuttings and shoot tips protocol for rapid regeneration of Cannabis sativa L. J Natl Fibers, 1-10.
  27. Murphy, R., & Adelberg, J. (2021). Physical factors increased quantity and quality of micropropagated shoots of Cannabis sativa L. in a repeated harvest system with ex vitro rooting. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant.
  28. Wrobel, T., Dreger, M., Wielgus, K., & Slomski, R. (2020). Modified nodal cuttings and shoot tips protocol for rapid regeneration of Cannabis sativa L. J Natl Fibers, 1-10.
  29. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  30. Werbrouck, S., van der Jeugt, B., Dewitte, W., Prinsen, E., Van Onckelen, H., & Debergh, P. (1995). The metabolism of benzyladenine in Spathiphyllum floribundum ‘Schott Petite’ in relation to acclimatisation problems. Plant Cell Reports, 662-665.
  31. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  32. Conner, A., & Thomas, M. (1982). Re-establishing plantlets from tissue culture: a review. Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, 342-357.
  33. Kane, M. (2011). Propagation by Shoot Culture. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 181-193). CRC Press.
  34. Sakai, A. (1960). Survival of the twig of woody plants. Nature, 393-394.
  35. Reed, B., Normah, M., & Kushnarenko, S. (2010). Cryopreservation of Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 489-495). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  36. Aitken-Christie, J., & Singh, A. (1987). Cold Storage of Tissue Cultures. In J. Bonga, & D. Durzan, Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry (pp. 285-304). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  37. Volk, G., Waddell, J., Bonnart, R., Towill, L., Ellis, D., & Luffman, M. (2008). High viability of dormant Malus buds after 10 years storage in liquid nitrogen vapor. Cryoletters, 89-94.
  38. Bakhach, J. (2009). The cryopreservation of composite tissues. Organogenesis, 119-126.
  39. Aitken-Christie, J., & Singh, A. (1987). Cold Storage of Tissue Cultures. In J. Bonga, & D. Durzan, Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry (pp. 285-304). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  40. Benelli, C., Tarraf, W., Izgu, T., & De Carlo, A. (2022). In Vitro Conservation through Slow Growth Storage Technique of Fruit Species: An Overview of the Last 10 Years. Plants (Basel), 3188.
  41. Reed, B., Normah, M., & Kushnarenko, S. (2010). Cryopreservation of Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs. In R. Trigiano, & D. Gray, Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (pp. 489-495). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  42. Benelli, C. (2021). Plant Cryopreservation: A Look at the Present and Future. Plants (Basel), 2744.
  43. Downey, C., Golenia, G., Boudko, E., & Jones, A. (2021). Cryopreservation of 13 Commercial Cannabis sativa Genotypes Using In Vitro Nodal Explants. Plants (Basel), 1794.
  44. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAJd8oJAEN4
  45. Hesami, M., Naderi, R., & Tohidfar, M. (2020). Introducing a hybrid artificial intelligence method for high-throughput modeling and optimizing plant tissue culture processes: the establishment of a new embryogenesis medium for chrysanthemum, as a case study. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10249-10263.
  46. Hesami, M., & Jones, A. (2020). Application of artificial intelligence models and optimization algorithms in plant cell and tissue culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9449-9485.
  47. Smýkalová, I., Vrbová, M., Cvečková, M., & al., e. (2019). The effects of novel synthetic cytokinin derivatives and endogenous cytokinins on the in vitro growth responses of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) explants. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult, 381-394.
  48. Wang, X., Cheng, Z., Zhi, S., & Xu, F. (2016). Breeding Triploid Plants: A Review. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 41-54.
  49. Parsons, J., Martin, SL, James, T., Golenia, G., Boudko, E., & Hepworth, S. (2019). Polyploidization for the Genetic Improvement of Cannabis sativa. Front. Plant Sci, 476.
  50. Kurtz, L., Brand, M., & Lubell-Brand, J. (2020). Production of Tetraploid and Triploid Hemp. HortScience, 1703-1707.
  51. Crawford, S., Rojas, B., Crawford, E., Otten, M., Schoenenberger, T., Garfinkel, A., & Chen, H. (2021). Cannabigerol-Dominant F1 Hybrid Industrial Hemp Cultivar, Cannabis sativa ‘Stem Cell CBG’. Genes, 923.
  52. Bennett, A., Chi-Ham, C., Barrows, G., Sexton, S., & Zilberman, D. (2013). Agricultural biotechnology: economics, environment, ethics, and the future. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 19.1-19.31.
  53. Wesseler, J., & Zilberman, D. (2014). The economic power of the Golden Rice opposition. Environment and Development Economics, 724-742.
  54. Baudo, M., Lyons, R., Powers, S., Pastori, G., Edwards, K., Holdsworth, M., & Shewry, P. (2006). Transgenesis has less impact on the transcriptome of wheat grain than conventional breeding. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 369-380.
  55. Hendel, A., Fine, E., Bao, G., & Porteus, M. (2015). Quantifying On and Off-Target Genome Editing. Trends Biotechnol., 132-140.
  56. Ganapathy, M. (2016). Plants as bioreactors – A review. Adv Tech Biol Med., 4.
  57. Laere, E., Ling, A., Wong, Y., & al., e. (2016). Plant-based vaccines: Production and challenges. J Bot, 1.
  58. Rico, S., Garrido, J., Sanchez, C., Ferreiro-Vera, C., Codesido, V., & Vidal, N. (2022). A Temporary Immersion System to Improve Cannabis Sativa Micropropagation. Front Plant Sci, 12.
  59. Hesami, M., Pepe, M., Baiton, A., & Jones, A. (2022). Current status and future prospects in cannabinoid production through in vitro culture and synthetic biology. Biotechnology Advances, 108074.
  60. Monthony, A., Bagheri, S., Zheng, Y., & Jones, A. (2021). Flower power: floral reversion as a viable alternative to nodal micropropagation in Cannabis sativa. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 1018-1030.
  61. Simiyu, D., Jang, J., & Lee, O. (2022). Understanding Cannabis sativa L.: Current Status of Propagation, Use, Legalization, and Haploid-Inducer-Mediated Genetic Engineering. Plants, 1236.
  62. Galan-Avila, A., Garcia-Fortea, E., Prohens, J., & Herraiz, F. (2021). Microgametophyte Development in Cannabis sativa L. and First Androgenesis Induction Through Microspore Embryogenesis. Front. Plant Sci., 12.
  63. Ingvardsen, C., & Brinch-Pedersen, H. (2023). Challenges and potentials of new breeding techniques in Cannabis sativa. Front Plant Sci., 1154332.
  64. https://sivb.org/
  65. https://www.agritechtomorrow.com/

Pollen & Pollination

  1. Bowker, G. E., & Crenshaw, H. C. (2007). Electrostatic forces in wind-pollination—Part 1: Measurement of the electrostatic charge on pollen. Atmospheric Environment, 41(8), 1587–1595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.047
  2. https://www.hybri-tech.com/about

Phenohunting

  1. Shop, A. G. (2022, June 17). The Maned Wolf and why its urine smells of cannabis. Alchimia Grow Shop. https://www.alchimiaweb.com/blogen/maned-wolf-urine-smells-cannabis/
  2. Oswald, I. W. H., Ojeda, M. A., Pobanz, R. J., Koby, K. A., Buchanan, A. J., Del Rosso, J., Guzmán, M., & Martin, T. (2021). Identification of a New Family of Prenylated Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Cannabis Revealed by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. ACS Omega, 6(47), 31667–31676. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c04196

Utilizing Leftover Plant Material

  1. MaryJane, L. A. (2021, December 19). Edibles: How to make cannabutter and cannaoil. Cannabis Now. https://cannabisnow.com/edibles-how-to-make-canna-butter-and-canna-oil/
  2. https://magicalbutter.com/blogs/magical-infusions/the-ultimate-guide-to-making-magical-butter

Intellectual Property for Cannabis Breeders

  1. Lewis, A. C., & Cutler, C. (2017, August 23). The Great Pot Monopoly Mystery. GQ. https://www.gq.com/story/the-great-pot-monopoly-mystery
  2. Unified Patents – Analytics portal. (n.d.). https://portal.unifiedpatents.com/patents/patent/US-9095554-B2
  3. Portland Companies are Fighting a Secret Plot to Monopolize Cannabis. (2017, December 20). Willamette Week. https://www.wweek.com/cannabis/2017/12/20/portland-companies-are-fighting-a-secret-plot-to-take-over-all-of-cannabis/
  4. VICE News. (2018, January 25). Hunting For A Rare Congolese Weed Strain With “The Kings of Cannabis” | VICE on HBO [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwciNb-BZIk
  5. Erwin Aligam – ealigam@gmail.com. (n.d.). Traditional and medicinal uses of banana. https://www.phytojournal.com/vol1Issue3/9.htm

Glossary

  1. Sumpter, L. (2022, October 28). Marijuana Pruning: Topping vs fimming. Royal Queen Seeds. https://www.royalqueenseeds.com/us/blog-marijuana-pruning-topping-vs-fimming-n621